The Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing - 1511 Words

Over the years the educational system has faced various controversial issues, but the most recent one making a negative impact on students, is standardized testing. Standardized testing is a type of testing used to evaluate students academic abilities . It is a way to measure if standards are being met but does not provide a variation in the type of administration based on the students needs (Sacks, 2000). In other words, all children are provided these test to track their learning progress based on their grade level. Some believe this is the best way to measure students knowledge, others believe it is doing more harm than good, and I believe it is an unrealistic form of an academic evaluation. Throughout this piece, I will evaluate the†¦show more content†¦As teachers are trying to prepare students for these extensive tests, there is not adequate time for creative projects. Creative projects are important outlets for students to express themselves outside of the norm of cla ssroom assignments. For example, with standardized tests, students are provided with a set of predetermined answer choices, this in turn limits them. Confining children to multiple choice options limits their ability to think critically because it does not provide them with the chance to question or research possible answer choices. These limitations can also be seen in as poor and ineffective ways to evaluate both students and teachers (Perrone, 2012). The evaluations provided by testing results adds pressures to perform well on standardized tests can lead to cheating, testing anxiety, or can cause teachers to stress testing preparation in hopes for positive results. Teachers often fear poor results because it can impact their teacher evaluation of inadequately preparing the students for the test. If a significant amount of students are performing poorly then it can affect the school as a whole. The district may lose funding and find it necessary to cut electives or extracurricular activities when they do not have the findings needed (Perrone, 2012). testing scores about testing scores in fear of a poor evaluation based off of their students test results. With standardized testing comes very few intendedShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Standardized Testing801 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial topic Since Middle School, I was not opposed to standardized testing. I thought of it as a way of testing us of what we have learned. Although, after reading some articles about standardized testing I am re-thinking the pros and cons. From personal experience, I thought of it as a challenge to pass them. But now that reminisce about it, I noticed some of the cons of standardized testing. I remember having a week or two dedicated for testing, and in case of students failing they had to take timeRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1400 Words   |  6 PagesEven though there are many downsides to standardized testing there are still viable reasons why they are still being used today. One of the main reasons includes the easy and quick access of testing students. Standardized testing allows schools to quickly access a large amount of students at one time. This is also one of the cheapest ways to tests such a large crowd due to machinery that grades which results in low tests costs f or students. These tests also help by setting a national curriculum forRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1025 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are standardized tests? Standardized tests are exams that are administered, scored, and interpreted in the same way for all students. Now there are many pros and cons of standardized testing however, I believe that public and private schools should just abolish standardized testing all together. These tests determine a student’s academic performance and each student is given the same test with the same questions and answers. These tests are designed to measure the students learning capabilitiesRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing1050 Words   |  5 Pageseducational world is standardized tests. All fifty states have their own standards following the common core curriculum. There are many positives and negatives that go with the standardized tests. A standardized test is any type of â€Å"examination thats administ ered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner† (Popham, 1999). These standardized tests are either aptitude tests or achievement tests. Schools use achievement tests to compare students. There are pros to standardized examinations as toolsRead MorePros and Cons of Standardized Testing583 Words   |  2 PagesStandardized testing has its pros and cons I do not believe in it but I will give you proof for and against the testing. We will cover some the history and where the testing came from and why we do it. I will talk a little bit of how I feel about testing and how much we should focus on how the students do on the test. I have interviewed a few teachers that I had when I went to school and some personal friends that are teachers now and how it effects how they teach. Most historians trace the beginningRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesStandardized testing is a down fall to many students but also an opportunity for many others. Standardized testing has its pros and its cons. It can be the make it or break it factor into getting into colleges you are hoping to attend or the scholarships you want to earn. Some people may have their opinions about the test, whether they hate it or not but the fact is that it’s here to stay. What exactly is standardized testing you may ask, it is a test which measures the knowledge among differentRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1491 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing was introduced by French psychologist Alfred Binet in 1905. The test originated because Binet was commissioned by the French government to create a tool to identify which students needed remedial studies. Over time, the standardized tests evolved into multiple different tests in multiple subjects for varying age groups of students. The tests were initially seen as a way to test a large sum of people with the same general questions to see an individual’s knowledge. Some peopleRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1100 Words   |  5 Pagesscience, history, and science. Then, every year, students typically take one big standardized test, or even more. These tests are claimed to give educators an objective that’s unbiased. Standardized testing supposedly hel ps identify the natural tendency of individual students, identifying skill development and progress. However, are these things what standardized testing really do for students? Standardized testing only measures a small portion of what makes education substantial. This means thatRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1201 Words   |  5 Pages Standardized testing is all based on your performance as a student on a specific day, time and place. What it doesn’t show is how you perform on a day to day basis. These types of test can be given in any type of form that requires test takers to answer the same questions, and is then scored in a â€Å"standard† or consistent manner. Students should not have to take standardized test because of many reasons. As a human I have days where I’m tired and didn’t get enough sleep the night before or it isRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1286 Words   |  6 Pagesto graduate because of their poor scores on standardized tests. Students all over the United States are forced to participate in statewide standardized tests each year. Many claim that standardized testing allows for teachers to help their students easier, and that it holds school districts accountable. While school mandated standardized testing can be useful, statewide standardized testing is ineffective and negatively impacts students. Standardized tests can cause unnecessary stress on, already

Miss Jane Marple and Miss Cordelia Grey Free Essays

At first blush it is difficult to imagine two women who are more different that Miss Jane Marple, the cozy amateur detective featured in Agatha Christie’s At Bertram’s Hotel and Miss Cordelia Grey the protagonist in P. D. James’ An Unsuitable Job for a Woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Miss Jane Marple and Miss Cordelia Grey or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, Miss Marple is a good deal older than Miss Gray, although their lifetimes overlap. Secondly the times and worlds they each occupy vary considerably. Lastly, Miss Marple’s life experiences appear to have occurred in the village St. Mary Mead. Cordelia Grey however has never really known a home and has lived throughout Europe. However, after sorting through the differences between the two women it becomes clear that each has the necessary qualities necessary to play the role of mystery novel detective. Time provides the most obvious focus between these two novels and their main characters. Miss Marple’s age is not revealed, but Lady Selina, herself sixty-five-years-old notices Miss Marple’s arrival with the observation â€Å"I do believe that’s old Jane Marple. Thought she was dead years ago. Looks a hundred† (Christie 4). Cordelia Grey is only twenty-two-years-old in An Unsuitable Job for a Woman, but it is not just the difference in their ages that separates the two women, it is the difference in time. Although At Bertram’s Hotel takes place in London in 1955 and An Unsuitable Job for a Woman takes place in London and Cambridge in 1972 the focus on time each novel has is quite is quite different. Bertram’s Hotel stands proudly in the mid-1950s looking backwards to an England that no longer exists except in the memories of the elderly and English films. The management has created an artificial, refined world that caters to the aging members of Edwardian England who fondly recall their youth and to whose Americans who want to visit the â€Å"real† England: hopefully the England from before World War I, but certainly the England from before World War II. Bertram’s has changed over the years, but looks â€Å"precisely as it had looked in 1939—dignified, unostentatious, and quietly expensive† (Christie 1). Miss Marple arrives for a visit after having previously stayed there when she was fourteen. Miss Marple brings with her not only her memories of her previous visit, but also a lifetime of memories of the people from St. Mary Mead who she has observed for a lifetime and has learned to recognize anomalies in the actions of others and has developed the habit of â€Å"picking† at these peculiar actions until she has revealed the reason for the action. In this process, Miss Marple has solved a large number of murder mysteries (Christie). The 1972 world of Cordelia Grey differs greatly. Rather than focusing her interest backward at a childhood without a mother and most often without her father being part of her life, Cordelia Grey looks forward. She lives at a time when a young woman living in London has the opportunity to work in an increasing variety of careers. Despite this relaxing of social attitude toward the role of women in England, Cordelia has stumbled into the detective business, a most unsuitable career that she intends to master (James). Unlike Miss Marple who has a treasure trove of memories to guide her in her investigations, Cordelia Grey has had a short live and has had almost no training to work as a detective. Although technically a partner, Grey’s training has been limited to basic training in the use of fingerprinting and similar techniques. Her real training has been the often-repeated litany remarks of her late partner Bernard G. Pryde. Pryde was fired from the CID section of the Metropolitan police because of his inability to put together facts and solve cases. He had however taken to heart the teachings of Superintendent Inspector Adam Dagliesh and always had a proverb at hand to help with the current situation. Miss Grey calls these to mind as she proceeds throughout the investigation (James 56, 211). Miss Marple appears to have spent her life at home, working in her garden except for occasional trips such as the two to Bertram’s and a trip to the Caribbean that had been paid for by her nephew. Her world is St. Mary Mead, a microcosm sufficiently diverse to have allowed her to develop a keen sense of observation that is adequate to the world outside St. Mary Mead. Cordelia Grey, however, has lived in a series of foster homes after her mother’s death while giving birth to Cordelia. Her father was a fascist poet and not much of a father at all, prompting Cordelia to conclude that the six years she spent at convent school due to a clerical error were â€Å"the most settled and happy years of her life. (James 68). The similarities between the two are quite striking. Both women are extremely intelligent though Miss Marple often appears as a twittering and reminiscing old lady (Christie 36). While at convent school Cordelia Grey had learned that she was smart and that â€Å"she needn’t to conceal her intelligence, that cleverness which a succession of foster mothers had somehow seen as a threat.† She was offered a chance to take her A-levels with the hopes of a scholarship to Cambridge, but was forbidden to do so by her father who unfortunately chose to appear at the time (James 68-9). Miss Marple and Miss Grey have a strong attraction to what is orderly and proper. Miss Marple always awakens early; she has her breakfast at eight-thirty and enjoys a â€Å"real breakfast† with â€Å"proper eggs† (Christie 33-35). Even though her partner has died, she attends to the business, even though there are no clients, â€Å"cleaning, tidying, rearranging . . .† (James 22). She carefully plans what clothes she should take with her to Cambridge while she conducts her investigation (James 43). When the investigation is over Miss Grey takes the time to finish spading the last two feet of the garden row the murder victim had failed to complete before his death, as if it were one more unsettled task that needed to be completed. Finally, these women are tenacious as terriers. If either of them notices something that is not quite right they will fuss at it and fiddle with it until it makes sense and is reconciled to their satisfaction. Ultimately both Miss Marple and Miss Grey are, in some respects, different faces of a modern, female Janus, the two faced god with each face pointing in opposite directions. The elderly Miss Marple steadfastly faces back in time toward the Edwardian England she remembers and prefers; the young Miss Grey who eagerly faces forward, looks hopefully toward the future. Despite this different temporal orientation, each woman keeps one, boldly curious, wandering eye firmly in the present time and location. Each woman notices the unusual in the midst of normalcy, seeks lies in the midst of truth, and discerns the sinister among the innocent. Despite the great differences between them, they are in many ways kindred sisters or perhaps kindred grandmother and granddaughter. Both women successfully engage in activities deemed â€Å"unsuitable† work for a woman. Despite this they succeed in discovering and righting the wrongs even though the men around them have failed to do so. Works Cited Christie, Agatha. At Bertram’s Hotel. New York: Bantam Books, Agatha Christie Mystery Collection, 1987. James, P. D. An Unsuitable Job for a Woman. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972. How to cite Miss Jane Marple and Miss Cordelia Grey, Essay examples

Perception Of Death Essay Example For Students

Perception Of Death Essay Trying to understand a poem when first reading it is very difficult. One mustread the poem several times to understand the authors point. It is important toconcentrate on grammatical structures and rhyme schemes. This essay will comparethe work of Dylan Thomas Do not go gentle into that good night tothe work of Andrew Hudgins Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead.Both works concentrate on their fathers, as they become closer to death. Theauthors of the respective poems have different views behind the worddeath. Within the poem Do not go gentle into that goodnight, Thomas speaks on how one should value life. He feels as though lifeis something special and should not be taken for granted. Moreover, he believesthat one should keep their head up and believe that there will be a brighter daytomorrow. The refrains: Rage, rage against the dying of the lightand Do not go gentle into that good night symbolize the thought. Onthe other hand, Hudgins views death as something that is very special, astepping stone in life. He feels that death is a continuation of life, insteadof the end of life. Lines 3-5 of Elegy for My Father, Who Is NotDead says, In the sureness of his faith, he talks about the worldbeyond this world as though his reservations have been made supports thetheory. In addition, the tones of the poems are comparable. Each poem reveals alonely and sorrowful tone. In Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead,line 14 says, Hes ready. I am not. I cant just say good-bye as cheerfully asif he were embarking on a trip reveals that the passing of his fatheris something that he is not ready to handle. He knows that the passing of hisfathers will bring sadness, loneliness, and a sense of emptiness to his hearts. Likewise, Thomas would feel the same way is his father was to pass away. Finally, the poems have contrasting themes; Thomas feels death as a horribleexperience, while Hudgins sees death as a joyous experience. For example, thepoem Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead views death as a cruise toa place that is promised to be joyous. Also, it indicates that the son wouldeventually repeat the journey of death the father took. On the other hand, line4 of Do not go gentle into that good night says, Though wise men attheir end know dark is right... Thomas sees death as something dreary anddark. The author does not see death as a mark in life, but rather the end oflife in all aspects; mentally, physically, and spiritually. Thomas believes thatdeath is like being blind, and not knowing what is going on. In conclusion, bothpoems express different views of death. Thomas feels that death as somethingthat is dreary, while Hudgins views death as a joyous occasion that is just astepping stone of life. Each poem reveals that the sons are not ready for theirfathers death. The authors feel that their fathers should try everything toavoid death. Also, the authors not that their lifes would not be the samewithout their fathers beside them. Death is a word that can be interpreted inmany different ways.

The Will To Power Essays - Friedrich Nietzsche, Will To Power

the Will to Power In the Will to Power, Nietzsche claims: The will to power interprets (-it is a question of interpretation when an organ is constructed): it defines limits, determines degrees, variations of power. Mere variations of power could not feel themselves to be such: there must be present something that wants to grow and interprets the value of whatever else wants to grow. Equal in that- In fact, interpretation is itself a means of becoming master of something. (The organic process constantly presupposes interpretations.) Part I of this paper unpacks this passage concerning the nature of interpretation to reach the crux of Nietzsche's argument. Part II then contextualizes this argument with respect to his claims regarding perspectivism and interpretation. Finally Part III raises the most plausible critique of Nietzsche's claim of perspectivism as possible responses by Nietzsche in his defense. I. Analysis In the passage above, Nietzsche claims that it is not human beings which interpret, but rather, it is "the will to power [that] interprets." As discussed in lecture, the organic process which presupposes interpretation is essentially the very process of adaptation by which an organism tries to fit itself into its environment and to other species around it, such as its predators and its prey. This process is a way in which the organism physiologically interprets the world. So interaction is the fundamental phenomenon of the forces that make up the will to power and these interactions in so far as they are systematically centered around a particular center of power, can be called a perspective or interpretation which that center of force gives of its surrounding environment. And what we think of as this specifically human interpretation is only the conscious psychological realization of this much more fundamental law of nature. Thus it is the will to power that interpreter! s, and it does so by appropriating, that is, knowledge is a process of appropriation. To understand what Nietzsche means by appropriation here, we can look to section 515 where he states "not 'to know' but to schematize-to impose upon chaos as much regularity and for as our practical needs require." In this statement, Nietzsche claims that interpretation is "to impose upon chaos as much regularity and form as our practical needs require." So for the plant, or some animal that preys on its environment, they will distinguish only between things that are useful and that which is not useful to the individual. The predator has no sense of distinction between this or that individual fly; one fly is all the same because it is simply food. However, in treating these different bits of prey as equal, it schematizes and organizes, and simplifies the world for itself. That is, once we start to recognize them as equal-this is the same as that-we begin to categorize them accordingly. ! Sluga illustrates how as human beings we say: "that this person which I just met a couple days ago is still the same person, although he has changed in slight ways, maybe he was wearing a cap back then." As human beings, we recognize there is a difference, but the difference is not important to us. In this process of equalization, man imposes schema and order on the world; and that is really the nature of interpretation and the will to power. II Contextualization of Nietzsche's Argument Having completed my analysis of Nietzsche's discussion in section 643, I would now like to move on to contextualize the implications of this claim with respect to perspectivism. To begin, section 636 we see how Nietzsche connects the concepts of perspective and interpretation with the concept of the will to power. According to Nietzsche, Physicists believe in a "true world" in their own fashion: a firm systematization of atoms in necessary motion, the same for all beings-so for them the "apparent world" is reduced to the side of universal and universally necessary being which is accessible to every being in its own way (accessible and also already adapted- made "subjective"). Physicist, in other words, are inclined towards a kind of metaphysics which says that there is a true reality different from the way it looks to us, namely, for physicist, it is the reality of atoms and their properties. Physicists

Comparative Politics Essays - Politics Of Macau, Government Of Macau

Comparative Politics Essays - Politics Of Macau, Government Of Macau Comparative Politics Comparative Politics, typically defined as the study of the internal politics of nations other than our own, is a diverse and complex field. There is no one central tendency or approach which dominates this area of inquiry within political science: various theories, concepts, issues and methodologies are evident in the field. While it is recognized that no simple classification can be made of the literature, we are encouraged to be aware of contrasting approaches, and to engage in constructively critical ,thinking about the field. For the purposes of study, there should first be general familiarity with the history and evolution of the field. This would comprise knowledge of the work and ideas of some of the major thinkers who have shaped comparative politics. Moving from this point I am going to bring about a structural comparison between two governmental systems that are India and Macau .Both countries have their own unique types of governmental structures , judiciary and parliaments which really caught my deep interest to know more about these 2 countries , and to apply comparative method between the two governments.with special references to the geographical , structural , political legislative and judicial differences . GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE INDIA The home of Taj Mahal , one of the seven modern wonders of the world, India is the second most populous country in the world and the 7th largest areawise. India is home to lots of religions and is secular by nature. Here is some religious information . The banks of the Ganges river, considered as one of the holy rivers by the Hindus, is lined by religious towns like Hardwar, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh . The Bhagwad Gita is one of the most widely read Hindu religious texts. When anyone thinks of India, it is hard to escape thinking about the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi , who has inspired many people like Martin Luther King Jr. by his non-violent stance in attaining independence for India. Here is another image of one of the greatest statesmen . India attained independence on August 15, 1947 from the British (a day after Pakistan's split from the Indian Union). The Indian flag is a tricoloured one (saffron, white and green) with an ashoka chakra (24 spokes representing the 24 hours of the day). This flag is a curled one with a writing of "Mera Bharat M! ahan" . MACAU Compared to India Macau is only a small province located in south-east China, on the western edge of the delta formed by the Pearl River Delta (Zhu Jiang) and the West River (Xi Jiang), bordering the Chinese province of Guangdong. It is 70 kms (38 miles) from Hong Kong and 145 kms from Canton. Local time is eight hours ahead of Greenwich mean time. Macau covers a total area of 20.96 square kilometres which includes the Macau peninsula and the islands of Taipa and Coloane. Macau is connected to mainland China by a narrow isthmus. Two bridges, the 'Ponte Nobre de Carvalho' (2,600 metres long) and the 'Ponte da Amizade' (4,380 metres), inaugurated respectively in 1974 and 1994, connect the island of Taipa to the peninsula. The island of Coloane is reached from Taipa by way of a two kilometre-long isthmus, the right side of which is now an extensive land embankment. The total area of the enclave has been progressively enlarged through land reclamation along all waterfronts. For! example, in 1840, the Macau peninsula was, at 2.78 square kilometres, 2.5 times smaller than it is today. In physical terms, it is 63 times smaller than Hong Kong, 37 times smaller than Singapore and 5,000 times smaller than Portugal. At the end of 1995, Macau's resident population totalled 425,000, many times smaller than that of the India's . POLITICAL SYSTEM INDIA India, a union of states, is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government. The Indian Polity is governed in terms of the Constitution, which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 November 1950. The President is the constitutional head of Executive of the Union. Real executive power vests in a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as head. Article 74(1) of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council

Assignment on human growth and development

Assignment on human growth and development This essay uses theoretical perspectives of social sciences relevant to human growth and development by demonstrating the socialisation process and the impact of family structures on the normal development of Gerry. It uses the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to explore the effects of poverty on Gerry’s infancy and it will use Balter, Catherin & Tamis-Lemonda to support Maslow’s philosophy needs. Furthermore it will go on to use Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis to show the effects of attachment during Gerry’s infancy. More still with the use of Erikson’s stages of identity versus role confusion to discuss Gerry’s adolescence, the theory of generativity versus stagnation to explore his adulthood developmental task of his contributing and stagnation to society and finally the psychological crisis of ego integrity verses despair to explain the effects and causes during his development in middle adulthood. However, other psychologists theories will be used to support Erikson’s theories or critic them. During his infancy, 0-2 years by Piaget (1936) (cited in Crawford and Walker 2009 p 22), Gerry and his family experienced poverty because his father had been made redundant. This means that Gerry’s family could not afford to meet his basic needs. According to Maslow’s pyramedical model (1970) ( cited Steers 1998: p21 ) lower -level needs such as food, clothing and shelter have to be fulfilled to a reasonable degree before the more advanced need levels such as self actualisation, esteem, love/ belonging ,and safety are met. It can be argued that the failure of Gerry’s family to meet his basic needs had a profound effect on his development. This argument is supported by Balter, Catherin & Tamis- Lemonda. They argue that â€Å"children growing up in poverty develop developmental delays in intellectual development. Social, emotional and behavioural problems† (Balter, Catherin & Tamis- Lemonda 2003: p.391) (cited Chafel, 1993 and Garbarino, 1993). Poverty goes hand in hand with gross inequality, unemployment and adverse consequences for poor people and society as a whole. Deprivation experienced by poor families affects their quality of life, their health and life expectancy and the education outcomes of their children. Poverty brings despair and fear† Rebach and Bruhn (2001: p. 369). This argument is supported by Spode and Saracho, (2006) (cited in Duncan and Brook-Gunn, 1997), who say that â€Å"children growing up in poverty develop more emotional and behavioural problems than children who live in above the poverty line. This is because early cognitive and behavioural outcomes show to predict later school success†. Another challenge that Gerry encountered was maternal deprivation. This occurred when his mother was in hospital during the birth of Lily and as a result, Gerry had to be looked after by his grandmother. According to Bowlby’s (19 53, 1969) (cited in Smith, Cowe and Blades 2004 p106) maternal deprivation hypothesis, â€Å"children should not be deprived of contact with the mother during a critical period when the primary attachment relationship is being formed†. He also believed that both mother and baby were predisposed biologically to stay in contact and only this relationship would allow normal development. However, critiques of Bowlby like (Oakley 1981) (cited in Holmes 1993: p. 45) argue that to generalise that any separation of mother from child in the first three years of life is likely to be damaging is unwarranted. Oakley further argued that there is no harm in entrusting the infant to the care of a responsible grandmother or baby-minder.

Analyze Possible Problems Associated with Reintegration after Research Paper

Analyze Possible Problems Associated with Reintegration after Prisonization - Research Paper Example ii) Evaluation – A summary of the obstacles in the path of rehabilitation of the ex-prisoners, convicted of petty crimes like stealing, larceny, etc. iii) Recommendations - The various methods by which criminals can be corrected and their participation as a part of the society can be improved on. B. Grave Crimes: Incidences and corresponding punishments to graver crimes like murder or manslaughter is discussed. i) Biblical Explanation – Graver crimes like homicide is interpreted in the light of the views in the Bible. Murder entitles the death penalty but there is always the scope of pardon, evident from the biblical story of ‘Cain and Abel’. ii) Evaluation - An analysis of the actual factors that leads normal individuals to turn into hardened criminals and solutions to those problems. iii) Recommendations – Methods of correction for criminals convicted of grave crimes like, murder. III. Economic Perspective : The possible contribution of the rehabil itated convicts to the growth of economy and national income generation. Also, their economic contribution to community services and welfare activities is analyzed. IV. Conclusion : A summary of the process of rehabilitation of ex-convicts and reintegrating them into the society. V. References Abstract The study of the possible problems in the reintegration of the imprisoned into the civil society reveals the complexities that exist in this case. The embarrassment faced by an ex-convict to face society, in the aftermath of his sentence, is a very sensitive issue and hence, should be handled with the utmost kindness and caution. Generosity of heart, in this respect, may reap huge dividends and solve the problems that cannot be solved by a harsher treatment of criminals. If anything, injudicious punishments can actually cause more crimes than solve them as is evident from studying the upsurge of terrorism in various nations. A person who had committed a crime should not be treated as an outcast throughout his life and the society, as a whole, should strive to be less judgmental and hypocritical. Economically, the study shows the benefits in GDP creation that can be accrued if the these imprisonized population is converted into an active workforce, consistently contributing to National Income. This is a section of huge untapped labor power that can find employment in the informal sector and must be fully utilized for optimum growth of the economy. Prisons are considered to be the god-forsaken margins of a society, both from a rigid Christian point of view as well as a general one. To survive in these pockets of crime, malice and violence, an individual has to transform oneself completely, psychologically and physically. No matter how normal or innocent, a person is compelled to develop certain skills and attributes that are â€Å"considered highly dysfunctional in free society† (Marlow, 2008, p.42). Since these sites are infested with mutual mistrust, isol ation from the society at large, dependence on the institution and an ever-dangling danger of bloodshed, a person may feel limited, humiliated, and extremely deprived. This makes a dent on his persona indefinitely and poses as a problem in the path of reintegration into the society. Hence, proper and efficient programs must

Find an article about plate tectonics(within the last 2 years Assignment

Find an article about plate tectonics(within the last 2 years 2012-2014) and summary the article - Assignment Example Behind this discovery is Yin who was a well known UCLA professor specialized in Earth space science and the author who was responsible for the research. During the analysis that was done on the images captured by the NASA satellites using its spacecraft called THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) together with the HIRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) powerful cameras. The professor took a total of about 100 satellite images and analyzed them which revealed plate tectonic activities, with his experience in conducting a lot of geological research in area like Himalayas and Tibet which hold world major plates divide, he took keen study on the images from Mars and discovered that a lot of features looked similar to those on earth especially those that were found Himalayas, Tibet, California as well as geomorphology. For instance, the professor discovered very smooth and at the same time flat canyon wall which can only develop due to the effect of a fault. There was also a steep cliff that looked the same as that found around California’s Death Valley developed due to the fault. Yin also discovered linear volcanic zone which draw a conclusion of plate tectonic activities. â€Å"These are features that are very rear to be seen in our solar system apart from planet earth and Mars† said Yin, a professor whose work is respected by many and become the cover story in August 9, 2012 issue of the common journal lithosphere Mars surface has some of the longest and deepest ever system that contains canyons that has never been seen in our solar system which is called Vallies Marineries. It is estimated to be about 2,500 miles in length approximately nine times more compare to the earth’s Grand Canyon. Many scientists up to now are left wondering how this was formed, whether it was a big crack that happened on Mars’s shell forcing it to open

Hotel Rwanda Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Hotel Rwanda Term Paper Essay 1. If you were in the situation of Paul, how far would you go to protect your countrymen, when you know very well that this will cost you the life of your family? Will you abandon your family to save the lives of others? = If I will put myself in Pauls situation, I think, I would help and protect my countrymen as long as I can and as long as Im living. But first Im going to ensure my familys safety before I gamble my life. If I die for the sake of others, it will looked like I abandoned my family but truly its not, because in the situation, I think they will surely understand me why am I going to sacrifice myself just to protect and save others life who only depends on me. Its not that I prefer to die than to live with my family, but I also believe that life lived for others is worth living, like our God who gave His only Son for the sake of us all. God gave me life not just for my family but also for other people. Honestly, Not only your family makes your world but also the other people around you. And I cannot take to see those people struggling and dying then I just do nothing. Especially when I know that im the only one who can protect them. I know I cannot save everyone because im just only human but somehow, i know i did something I can. 2. In the ensuing violence, the international community and the government was forced to pull its foreign emissaries to safety. This included officials providing aid and relief such as the UN and the Red Cross. Do you think that the government and the international community’s decision to remove its employees from the scene of the fight were ethical, despite the fact that the natives rely on these organizations for aid and protection? Justify your answer using one ethical theory that we’ve discussed in class. = It is true that the goverment became selfish about their decision of forcing the foreign emissaries to leave and put themselves into safety even if they know that theres no other people who can help the natives except them. But we cant deny the fact that those foreign emissaries were not involved in the war and so, their race must be saved, thats why, what they have done was ethical. By the use of the theory called Egoism, which means things or actions can be moral or ethical if it will benefit ones interest and will care about your own value, it can be proven that it was ethical to saved only the whites because theres nothing wrong of saving your own race and disregard the others even though it would be so wrong in the other peoples eyes. To better understand this situation, try to put yourself in their place and surely you will only save yourself and your race. But we can still that it is an ethical egoistic act. 3. The struggle between the Hutus and the Tutsis of Rwanda was allegedly due to the interference of the Belgian and other Western colonizers, who have created this kind of â€Å"caste system† (Hutu and Tutsi) in the first place. Do you think that the colonizers were the party to blame in the violence that occurred? Why? = Yes! no one should be blame but them because if they didnt create that caste system, the Hutus and Tutsis would only be one r ace with no insecurities and no superior. And therefore, there would be no occurence of violence. Because of that caste system, the discrimination occured between the two race by their physical characteristics,The Tustsi became superior that made the Hutus started the slaughter in their country due to their rage or fury. And so, the Colonizers were the one to be blame. 4. The genocide in Rwanda is not a unique case. In fact, it is reminiscent of the Holocaust during the Nazi era and the religious struggle between Pakistan Muslims and Indian Hindus. How do you think will genocide be prevented in the future? = Genocide usually occur because of having insecurities between different race by physical, identity or position in the society and power. And no other resolution for this but to be satisfied in yourself. You must make a change within yourself. Let us avoid discrimination that will cost anger and revenge because this simple revenge will lead to a big trouble and war. We must also face the problem that we see without using violent ways and we will somehow work it out by proper conversation. Finding peace within yourself could also help us to prevent genocide, it will help you not to bad things especially to kill lives.If you know what peace is, you will surely want it and once you want it, you will make a way to have it. We must also respect each other, know every peoples worth so that , if you are one of the soldiers or the one who is involved, you would realize that life is so important. And of course, the goverment holds the big responsibility about this, so I think they must be friend with other nation, the world must come together. And the soldiers must know where are they for, because if they are for peace, then why is there war? they must also know their limitation.

Someone Special :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Someone Special When I first saw him, I was sitting in an auditorium complaining to my mother about how cold it was in there. We and hundreds of other student-parent pairs were lined up in rows of the large room waiting to be told what to do by upper-class college students in matching tee shirts. I was scanning, like always, for any interesting guys. Upon finding any that appealed to me, whether by genuine attractiveness, unique clothing or just a pleasant aura, I would watch, study, and try to figure out everything about him, like his attitude, views on the world, and his favorite color. I had been sitting there wondering (probably unlike all of the other kids who were at State University Orientation) what kind of guy I was going to look for when I arrived a month later to attend classes. Everyone else was talking with their parents about their class choices and housing contracts. Some were even asking the experts at the podium questions about the university. But this was way beyond me because I had more important things on my mind. I remember seeing him rise a few rows in front of me with his mother. I'm not sure exactly what caught my eye first, but his light brown hair and rosy complexion kept my stare. He had on a blue shirt that hung un-tucked from his khaki shorts, clothing that intrigued my eyes to follow him, as he squeezed through the metal chairs that someone had set up a little too close. He politely said, "Excuse me," and smiled with seemingly complete confidence. I nudged my mother, "Right there," I said signaling her to notice his strut. "Cute," she said shortly which translated to, "I guess I agree Whitney, but I don't look anymore." It was the usual answer I got when I asked for her opinion. I would sometimes badger her to elaborate, but the answer always lacked in enthusiasm. We watched him disappear behind a big red curtain that separated the students with and without name-tags, and I began formulating his life story. He looked like the I-played-a-few-sports-in-high-school type, pretty normal to me compared to all of the different types of people in the room. He wasn't preppy enough to be the guy that came to college for the sole reason of joining a fraternity, but nowhere close to being the guy that nobody wanted in a fraternity.

Cloud Security Architecture Based on Fully Homomorphic Encryption

CLOUD SECURITY ARCHITECTURE BASED ON FULLY HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION Abstraction Cloud Computing is a new environment in computing machine oriented services. The high costs of web platforms, development in client demands, informations volumes and weights on response clip pushed companies to migrate to Cloud Computing supplying on demand web facilitated IT Services. Cloud storage empowers users to remotely hive away their information and delectation in the on-demand high quality cloud applications without the affliction of local hardware direction and programming disposal. In order to work out the job of informations security in cloud computer science system, by presenting to the full homomorphism encoding algorithm in the cloud calculating informations security, another kind of information security solution to the insecurity of the cloud computer science is proposed and the scenarios of this application is hereinafter constructed, This new security agreement is wholly fit for the processing and retrieval of the encrypted informations, successfully motivating the broad relevant chance, the security of informations transmittal and the stockpiling of the cloud computer science. Keyword:Cloud storage, Data security, to the full homomorphic encoding ; Introduction Enterprises are the speedy nearing new advanced clip in which we store our information and execute our excessive calculation remotely. With the usage of cloud there are legion points of involvement in disbursals and usefulness, but the issue with the cloud is secret informations may non be secure. Today, endeavors are looking towards cloud calculating environment to spread out their on-premise substructure, but most can non afford the cost of the danger of trading off the security of their applications and information. Recent progresss in Fully homomorphic encoding ( FHE ) allows us to execute arbitrarily-complex dynamically picked calculations on encrypted informations, despite non holding the secret decoding key. Processing encrypted informations homomorphically requires greater figure of calculations than treating the information unencrypted. Scientifically talked is a homomorphic cryptosystem, a cryptosystem whose encoding map is a homomorphy and therefore conserves group operation performed on cypher texts. The two group operations are the arithmetic add-on and generation. A homomorphic encoding strategy is said to be linear if the followerss holds – E ( x+y ) = E ( x )E ( Y ) What ‘s more it is said to be multiplicative if – E ( x, Y ) = E ( x ) * E ( Y ) Where E characterizes an encoding map. The cryptosystem that support either of the two operations are said to be partly homomorphic encoding system, and the one time that supports both the add-ons and generations of cypher texts is called as to the full homomorphic encoding ( FHE ) .Cloud computer science and Fully Homomorphic Encoding:The patterned advance of FHE has empowered the cloud service suppliers a better attack to guarantee confidentiality and privateness of user informations. a solution to the old unfastened issue of developing a to the full homomorphic encoding strategy. This thought, once called a privateness homomorphy, was presented by Rivest, Adelman and Dertouzous [ 3 ] shortly after the innovation of RSA by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman. To supply the better security we are traveling to widen the security solution for cloud calculating with the aid of to the full homomorphic encoding cryptosystem. B.Principle to the full homomorphic encoding: Craig Gentry develop homomorphy encoding program including 4 techniques. They are the cardinal coevals, encoding, decoding algorithm and extra Evaluation algorithm. Fully homomorphic encoding incorporates two cardinal homomorphy types. They are the multiply homomorphic encoding algorithm and additively homomorphic encoding algorithm.The generation and add-on with Homomorphic belongingss. Homomorphic encoding algorithm underpins merely add-on homomorphy and generation homomorphy before 2009. Fully homomorphic encoding is to detect an encoding algorithm, which can be any figure of add-on algorithm and generation algorithm in the encoded information. For merely, this paper utilizes a symmetrical wholly encryption homomorphic algorithm proposed by Craig Gentry [ 4 ] 1. Encoding algorithmi?s The encoding parametric quantities p, Q and R, where P is a positive uneven figure, Q is a big positive whole number, P and Q determined in the cardinal coevals stage, P is an encoding key, and R is a random figure encrypted when selected. For the text m, computation Then you can acquire the cypher text. 2. Decoding algorithmi?s To plaintext Because the p?q is much less than, so C.Homomorphism Verification 1. The homomorphy linear belongings confirmationi?s Suppose there are two groups of the plaintext M1 and M2. To scramble them turn into the cypher text. To plaintext Due to Equally long as the is much less than P, so This algorithm fulfills the linear homomorphic conditions 2.The homomorphic multiplicative belongings confirmation To plaintext Due to Equally long as the is much less than P, so This algorithm fulfills the multiplicative homomorphic conditions II.APPLICATION SCENE AND SECURITY ARCHITECTURE [ 7 ] : Privacy Protection: User is hive awaying their informations in cloud, by agencies of security it is stored in encrypted signifier and while conveying the informations cloud service supplier and user ensures that plaintext information can non be found to others. That implies both will guarantee the safe storage and transmittal of informations. Datas Processing: Fully homomorphic encoding constituent empowers clients or the sure 3rd party procedure cypher text informations squarely, instead than the original informations. Users can get figure of arithmetic consequences to decode to acquire good information. for illustration, in medical information system, electronic medical records are in the signifier of cypher text and are stored over the cloud waiter. Retrieval of Cipher text: Fully homomorphic encoding engineering based on retrieval of cypher text method, FHE non merely ensures the privateness and efficiency of retrieval but besides the retrieval informations can be added and multiply without altering the plaintext. III. Decision Security is the most widely recognized issue for Cloud Computing. While hive awaying, conveying and recovering the information from cloud server security substructure is needed. Encoding is the common engineering to guarantee the informations security of cloud calculating. To supply precaution to net and overcast services Gentry proposed Fully Homomorphic Encryption ( FHE ) strategy from his old encoding theoretical account i.e. , slightly homomorphic encoding strategy. Taking into history the cloud security issues this paper presented the thought of to the full homomorphic encoding strategy and proposed a security architecture which ensures the security of transmission and storage of informations over the cloud waiter Mentionsnew wave Dijk, M. , Gentry, C. , Halevi, S. , Vaikuntanathan, V. : Fully homomorphic encoding over the whole numbers. In: Gilbert, H. ( ed. ) EUROCRYPT. LNCS, vol. 6110, pp. 24–43, 2010.hypertext transfer protocol: //epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/120868669Rivest R, Adleman L, Dertouzos M. On informations Bankss and privateness homomorphies Academic Press, pp.169—180, 1978.Gentry, C. , Halevi, S. : Implementing Gentry’s fully-homomorphic encoding strategy. Preliminary version ( August 5, 2010 ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //researcher.ibm.Wikipedia. Cloud calculating [ EB/OL ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Computing, 2012-12-05.Feng Zhao, Chao Li, Chun Feng Liu, â€Å" A cloud calculating security solution based on to the full homomorphic encryption† IEEE 16ThursdayInternational Conference, pp.485-488, Feb 2014.Jian Li, Danjie Song, Sicong Chen, Xiaofeng Lu, â€Å"A simple to the full homomorphic encoding strategy available in cloud computing† . IEEE 2neodymiumInternational Conference ( Vol-01 ) , pp. 214-217, Nov 2012.

Ccot Essay

CCOT Essay: China 100 CE-600 CE China’s culture and it’s values have stayed as mostly continuities and few or little changes. The teachings and values of Confucianism that were so strong that they have lasted throughout the centuries of Chinese history and is still well-known today. These values included guidelines on respect. Chinese civilization during the classical civilization was a patriarchy and with the Confucius teaching which created the outline of how a good family should work like. Patriarchy was continuity for Chinese civilization.Many of Confucius’ beliefs and values will survive and withstand many potential changes to come. One of these changes were Buddhism, which came into China through many different paths such as the Silk Road. The Han Dynasty fell, causing China to go into a three year period of chaos. China’s cultural unity was threatened by the spread of Buddhism, though it was tone of the one ideas that was imported into China before the 20th century. Fortunately for China’s streak of continuity, the three century period of chaos would end which would also revive Confucianism.The rising and falling of dynasties were continuity. Confucianism took China’s social pieces and put them together. Even though China had many changes that took place from 100 C. E. to 600 C. E. , they always evened out culturally. They also remained in their streak of cultural continuity thanks to Confucius and his teachings. One of these continuities was the dynamic cycles, like the Zhou dynasty, the Qin dynasty, and the Han dynasty, because it had lasted throughout the Classical Era. Many things were changing around the time period.The first of these things was that the bureaucratic system. It was becoming more and more corrupt. Peasants and the regular people of China became poor. After germs and disease came, people started to die as well. Then nomads came, and due to the unstable government of China at the time, the army was not able to push them. Therefore, the Han dynasty was overthrown completely. The same sort of overthrowing by nomadic invasions happened in Rome as well. The Germanic invaders came in and broke Rome apart. Rome was then divided into three areas and was never completely revived ever again.After the three century period of chaos, the T’ang dynasty came later, in 618 C. E. to revive Confucianism and the bureaucratic system. During the classical era, the Chinese civilization underwent major governmental change. In China still physically remained strong and united. The reason for this is because China had a very solid social and political system that was based off of Confucianism. The cause of these major radical changes in China’s government is because of the weakened government; the nomadic invasions did not help either.

USS New York (BB-34) in World War II

USS New York (BB-34) in World War II USS New York  (BB-34) - Overview: Nation:  United States Type:  Battleship Shipyard:  Brooklyn Navy Yard Laid Down:  September 11, 1911 Launched:  October 30, 1912 Commissioned:  April 15, 1914 Fate:  Sunk July 8, 1948 as a target ship USS New York  (BB-34) - Specifications: Displacement:  27,000  tons Length:  573  ft. Beam:  95.2  ft. Draft:  28.5 ft. Propulsion:  14  Babcock and Wilcox  coal-fired boilers  with oil spray, triple expansion steam engines turning two propellers Speed:  20  knots Complement:  1,042  men​ Armament (as built): 10  Ãƒâ€"  14-inch/45  caliber guns21 Ãâ€"  5/51 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" 21  torpedo tubes USS New York (BB-34) - Design Construction: Tracing its roots to the 1908 Newport Conference, the  New York-class of battleship was the US Navys fifth type of dreadnought after the earlier  -,  -, -, and  Wyoming-classes.   Key  among the conferences conclusions was the requirement for increasingly larger calibers of main guns.   Though debate ensued regarding the armament of the Florida- and  Wyoming-class ships, their construction moved forward using 12 guns.   Complicating the discussion was the fact that no American dreadnought had entered service and designs were based on theory and experience with pre-dreadnought ships.   In 1909, the General Board advanced designs for a battleship mounting 14 guns.   The following year, the Bureau of Ordnance successfully tested a new gun of this size and Congress authorized the construction of two vessels. Designated USS  New York  (BB-34) and USS  Texas  (BB-35), the new type featured ten 14 guns mounted in five twin turrets.   These were placed with two forward and two aft in superfiring arrangements while the fifth turret was situated amidships.   The secondary armament consisted of twenty-one 5 guns and four 21 torpedo tubes.   Power for the  New York-class ships came from fourteen Babcock Wilcox coal-fired boilers driving vertical triple expansion steam engines.   These turned two propellers and gave the vessels a speed of 21 knots.   Protection for the ships came from a 12 main armor belt with 6.5 covering the vessels casemates.    Construction of  New York  was assigned to the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn  and work commenced on September 11, 1911.   Proceeding over the next year, the battleship slid down the ways on October 30, 1912, with Elsie Calder, daughter of Representative William M. Calder, serving as sponsor.   Eighteen months later,  New York  entered service on April 15, 1914,  with Captain Thomas S. Rodgers in command.   A descendant  of Commodore  John Rodgers and Captain Christopher Perry (father of Oliver Hazard Perry and Matthew C. Perry), Rodgers immediately took his ship south to support the American occupation of Veracruz. USS New York (BB-34) - Early Service World War I: Arriving off the Mexican coast, New York became the flagship of Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletcher that July.   The battleship remained in the vicinity of Veracruz until the end of the occupation in November.   Steaming north, it conducted a shakedown cruise before arriving at New York City in December.   While in port, New York hosted a Christmas party for local orphans.   Well-publicized, the event earned the battleship the moniker The Christmas Ship and established a reputation of public service.   Joining the Atlantic Fleet, New York spent much of 1916 conducting routine training exercises along the East Coast.   In 1917, following the US entry into World War I, the battleship became flagship of Rear Admiral Hugh Rodmans Battleship Division 9.    That fall, Rodmans ships received orders to reinforce Admiral Sir David Beattys British Grand Fleet.   Reaching Scapa Flow on December 7, the force was re-designated the 6th Battle Squadron.   Commencing training and gunnery exercises, New York stood out as the best American ship in the squadron.   Tasked with escorting convoys in the North Sea, the battleship accidentally rammed a German U-boat on the night of October 14, 1918 as it entered Pentland Firth.   The encounter broke off two of the battleships propeller blades and reduced its speed to 12 knots.   Crippled, it sailed for Rosyth for repairs.   En route, New York  came under attack from another U-boat, but the torpedoes missed.   Repaired, it rejoined the fleet to escort the German High Seas Fleet into internment following the wars conclusion in November.    USS New York (BB-34) - Interwar Years: Briefly returning to New York City, New York then escorted President Woodrow Wilson, aboard the liner SS George Washington, to Brest, France to take part in the peace negotiations.   Resuming peacetime operations, the battleship conducted training activities in home water before a brief refit which saw a reduction in the 5 armament and the addition of 3 anti-aircraft guns.   Transferred to the Pacific later in 1919, New York began service with the Pacific Fleet with San Diego serving as its home port.   Returning east in 1926, it entered Norfolk Navy Yard for an extensive modernization program.   This saw the coal-fired boilers replaced with new Bureau Express oil-fired models, the trunking of the two funnels into one, installation of an aircraft catapult on the amidships turret, addition of torpedo bulges, and the replacement of the lattice masts with new tripod ones.   After conducting training with USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) and USS Arizona (BB-39) in late 1928 and early 1929, New York resumed routine operations with the Pacific Fleet.   In 1937, the battleship was selected to transport Rodman to Britain where he was to serve as the US Navys official representative at the coronation of King George VI.   While there, it took part in the Grand Naval Review as the lone American vessel.   Returning home, New York commenced a refit which saw the expansion of its anti-aircraft armament as well as the installation of XAF radar set.   The second ship to receive this new technology, the battleship conducted tests of this equipment as well as transported midshipmen on training cruises. USS New York (BB-34) - World War II: With the beginning of World War II in Europe in September 1939, New York received orders to join the Neutrality Patrol in the North Atlantic.   Operating in these waters, it worked to protect the sea lanes against encroachment by German submarines.   Continuing in this role, it later escorted American troops to Iceland in July 1941.   In need of further modernization, New York entered the yard and was there when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7.   With the nation at war, work on the ship moved quickly and it returned to active duty four weeks later.   An older battleship, New York spent much of 1942 aiding in escorting convoys to Scotland.   This duty was broken up in July when its anti-aircraft armament underwent a major enhancement at Norfolk.   Departing Hampton Roads in October, New York joined the Allied fleet to support the Operation Torch landings in North Africa. On November 8, in company with USS Philadelphia, New York attacked Vichy French positions around Safi.   Providing naval gunfire support for the 47th Infantry Division, the battleship neutralized enemy shore batteries before steaming north to join Allied forces off Casablanca.   It continued to operate off North Africa until retiring to Norfolk on November 14.   Resuming escort duties, New York shepherded convoys to North Africa into 1943.   Later that year, it underwent a final overhaul which saw further additions to its anti-aircraft armament.   Assigned to the Chesapeake as a gunnery training ship, New York spent from July 1943 to June 1944 engaged in educating sailors for the fleet.   Though effective in this role, it badly reduced morale among the permanent crew. USS New York (BB-34) - Pacific Theater: Following a series of midshipmen cruises in the summer of 1944, New York received orders to transfer to the Pacific.   Passing through the Panama Canal that fall, it arrived at Long Beach on December 9.   Completing refresher training on the West Coast, the battleship steamed west and joined the support group for the invasion of Iwo Jima.   En route, New York lost a blade from one of its propellers which necessitated temporary repairs at Eniwetok.   Rejoining the fleet, it was in position on February 16 and commenced a three-day bombardment of the island.   Withdrawing on the 19th, New York underwent permanent repairs at Manus before resuming service with Task Force 54.    Sailing from Ulithi, New York and its consorts arrived off Okinawa on March 27 and began bombardment of the island in preparation for the Allied invasion.   Remaining offshore after the landings, the battleship provided naval gunfire support for the troops on the island.   On April 14, New York narrowly missed being struck by a kamikaze though the attack resulted in the loss of one its spotting aircraft.   After operating in the vicinity of Okinawa for two and half months, the battleship departed for Pearl Harbor on June 11 to have its guns relined.   Entering the harbor on July 1, it was there when the war ended the following month. USS New York (BB-34) - Postwar: In early September, New York conducted an Operation Magic Carpet cruise from Pearl Harbor to San Pedro to return American servicemen home.   Concluding this assignment, it shifted to the Atlantic to take part in Navy Day festivities in New York City.   Due to its age, New York was selected as a target ship for the Operation Crossroads atomic tests at Bikini Atoll in July 1946.   Surviving both the Able and Baker tests, the battleship returned to Pearl Harbor under tow for further examination.   Formally decommissioned on August 29, 1946, New York was taken from port on July 6, 1948 and sunk as a target. Selected Sources: DANFS: USS  New York  (BB-34)NHHC: USS  New York  (BB-34)MaritimeQuest: USS  New York  (BB-34)

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) - Coursework Example File Movement System module is used for the automation of file movement within the different departments of the institution; the system introduces transparency in organizations where there is high generation of files. E-Tendering module facilitates the completion of the tendering process through the advertisement of the requirements and signing or the finalization of the contract; the relevant documents are exchanged in electronic format. Admission, Academics and Examination (AAE) module covers the entire academic cycle (registration, admission, exams, regular attendance, results, and the issuance of certificates or degrees) of the student and it assists the university to utilize maximally its resources (such as support staff and academicians) (University ERP, 2009). Financial Accounting System module is concerned with all finance related aspects of the organization such as expenses, income, and bank and cash related transactions based on the different types of fund. The Human Resource Management System (HRMS) module offers Business Line Managers, Employees and HR Staff Managers collaboration and the ability to manage their responsibilities in an effective manner based on the organizational objectives and goals (University ERP, 2009). The implementation of the ERP system in SU is likely to affect a number of business processes. The management of the university finances (financial accounting and budgeting) will be affected by the Financial Accounting System module, tendering will be affected by e-Tendering module, and the process of recruitment, appraisal, training, performance management, and compensation of the employees will be affected by HRMS module. Since the ERP system is web based, the cost of implementing and maintaining is expected to be low. However, the implementation and maintenance of the ERP system has to be budgeted for. The implementation of the university ERP will improve and expand

An examination of factors affecting Inditex's online sales market in Dissertation

An examination of factors affecting Inditex's online sales market in Russia - Dissertation Example Much of the transactions over the Internet are performed without person-to-person interaction between the store representatives and consumers, and without the consumers viewing and inspecting the actual item to be purchased. Online purchase transactions are intrinsically based on intangible promises, which fact explains the natural reluctance of most consumers to immediately transact over websites. The study makes use of both primary and secondary data in the resolution of the research problem. Secondary data is relied upon to assess the direction and prospects of the Russian online apparels market, to determine the opportunities it offers and how Inditex could best position itself given the forecasted indicators. Primary data is gathered through the online dissemination of survey questionnaires that elicited perceptual data from consumers who were stratified according to whether they transacted seldom, moderately or frequently in online retail stores. The hypotheses were tested with the use of Student’s t-test and OLS regression analysis. The study found that trust factors (transaction security, customer data misuse, uncertainty reducing elements, and guarantees/ return policies) are the most significant and positively influential drivers of both decisions to purchase and the amount of purchases made. Marketing mix is also significant though less influential, with pricing strategies playing a positive role in the decision to purchase and the amount purchased. Finally, usability has some impact on both the purchase decision and volume transacted, but the direction of the relationship of these factors to the outputs is uncertain. Key words: online retailer, marketing mix, multichannel marketing, multi-concept approach, market segmentation, transaction security, site speed Table of Contents Abstract 2 List of Tables 6 List of Figures 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 8 1.1 Background of the problem 8 1.2 Industry Background 12 1.3 Research aim / objective 13 1.4 R esearch hypotheses 13 1.5 Research questions 13 1.6 Research objectives 13 1.7 Significance of the study 13 1.8 Chapter Summary 14 Chapter 2: Literature Review 15 2.1 Chapter overview 15 2.2 Online shopping 15 2.3 Traditional versus online consumer behaviour 17 2.4 Factors affecting online shopping behaviour 18 2.5 Strategic practices in online retailing 20 2.6 Online fashion retailing 21 2.7 Theoretical Framework 23 Chapter 3: Methodology 27 3.1Chapter overview 27 3.2 Research philosophy and strategy 27 3.3 Research approach 28 3.4 Data and information 29 3.5 Survey dissemination 29 3.6 Data analysis 30 The data gathered through the survey questionnaire consists of the perceptions of online shoppers classified as either seldom, moderate, and frequent purchasers. These responses are used to resolve hypothesis 1 with the use of Student’s t-test statistical method, and also to resolve hypothesis 2 with the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) multivariate regression analysis. Th e procedure shall be executed with the use of the SPSS version 17 statistical software. 30 3.6 Reliability and validity 31 3.7 Limitations 31 3.8 Chapter summary 31 The third chapter described the data that was used and the method by which such data had been gathered and analysed. These methods had been implemented during the research phase, in the course of which the data as described had been gathered and analysed according to the procedures described in this chapter. The findings that resulted

Entering the conversation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entering the conversation - Essay Example In the event of such occurrences, human beings have been urged to accommodate the feelings and opinions of other parties involved in the dialogue (14). The author gives a detailed example of the notions a lot of people have on vegetarianism. Most people are of the opinion that vegetarianism is a lifestyle while others hold the opinion the lifestyle is dreadful (15). All in all, the author analyses both sides of the concept so as to include the opposing ideas and the ones for the lifestyle. Essentially, this is to mean that all propositions and opinions of all persons are important and must be considered in entirety. Anything is expected in the course of any form of conversation (14). The author of Reading Strategies indicates that an all-inclusive reading involves various steps. The first must be inclusive of making a preview of the entire text. Through a brief preview, the reader is able to have a quick glimpse of the ideas portrayed by the author (353). The reader must then analyse the thoughts of the author from one’s point of view. This entails the perception one holds regarding the text, either repugnance or acceptance to the author’s ideas. Afterwards, the reader must annotate the key points brought forward by the author in the text, a process that which is only successful whilst weighing the author’s viewpoints in mind. Doubting and validating the author’s views scrutinizes the reliability of the work (358). A good example is Lessig’s work where the author takes the reader through the process of analysis of a piece. On another point of view, the author argues that summarizing the main points in the course of reading helps to confirm that all sections have been analyzed properly (360). At times the author uses some patterns whilst compiling their work, which may help readers have a summary of the text (361). The readers must also use color to highlight main points in the text. All

Fare .v. Michael. C Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fare .v. Michael. C - Case Study Example Additionally, despite the defendant claiming that, police officers violated his Miranda’s Fifth Amendment right of being silent; he is ignorant of the law. Since, regardless of stating the right of silence, which the police violated, he waived the law by admitting interrogations when he had already declined (Scherr & Madon, 2012). The case entails a murder committed by an unknown person but after the arrest of Michael C. by the police and interrogating him while, in custody, they find him quilt. Hence, they file a case against him claiming the defendant was involved in the murder of Robert Yeager where he ought to face the law (U.S. Supreme Court, 1966). However, the defendant claims that, what he uttered during the interrogation was due to the police’s compulsion; hence, they did violate his Fifth Amendment. Therefore, the information attained in this manner according to him, the court cannot utilize it in determining his fate before the court of law. Conversely, the court rules he was aware when he chose to continue with the interrogation despite the soldiers informing him about his privileges; so his action was due to ignorance (Scherr & Madon, 2012). The court eventually resolves that the defendant gave the required information voluntarily thus; California’s court erred in admitting there wa s an invocation of the right of silence when he asked for a probation officer instead of an attorney (Blackmun, 1979). The court holds that, California’s Supreme Court erred in stating there was an invocation of the defendant rights of inquiring the probation officer to be present during the interrogation incident (U.S. Supreme Court, 1966). This is because the probation officer despite charged with the responsibility of safeguarding the defendant rights, his capacity does not qualify him to replace an attorney in legal matters. Since, the probation is a state’s employee responsible for ensuring the defendant’s conduct especially in

Analysis of Creative and Innovation Management

Analysis of Creative and Innovation Management According to Tidd, Joe and Bessant, John, innovation management is defined as the discipline of managing processes in innovation. It is essentially a process within an organization that embarks on new models and ideas that deploy the creative juices of the work force towards a common understanding of goals and processes. (more in Appendix A) Why is it important? The importance of innovation is ever so increasing. In this day and age, innovativeness has come to become a force in wealth creation and business success. It leads to new business ideas and technological revolutions. According to management expert, Peter Drunker, he stressed the survival aspect that an established organization would need to innovate or face the consequences of extinction. In line with this point, many organizations today are upping their efforts measures to strengthen their ability to innovate. Innovation, besides the products and services, also includes the new processes, new supply chain systems, new marketing methods and new leadership/management styles, which would ultimately have a significant impact on productivity and growth. Today, more than ever before, the importance of innovation cannot be overlooked. With the impact of globalization, coupled with technological and knowledge revolutions, organizations and businesses will be have to constantly adapt to the ever changing business climate. Innovation will help add value and propel organizations forward towards overall improvement. This report extends research into Heathrow Terminal 5 (T5), College of Central London (CCL) and the Gilt Groupe. Heathrow Terminal 5 The Heathrow Terminal 5 (T5) project was a megaproject launch in the United Kingdom to increase the current capacity of 67 million passengers a year to 95 million passengers a year. It was a  £4.6 billion project that was large, complex and expensive. In its initiation phase, the BAA, the owners of Heathrow Airport and Laing ORourke push forth with a novel approach to extend the scope of existing research to build on the new project capabilities. The end result: it meets expectations and it is on schedule, within budget and has a high safety record. This represents a major breakthrough in project management practices of the UK construction industry. The T5 utilized state-of-the-art systems and technologies that would indefinitely make T5 one of the most modern and efficient major airport terminal in the world. It incorporated several innovative methods gathered from other industries which included Lean techniques in areas within the IT and infrastructure. For example, the BAA created incentives for contractors to work together, introduced digital tools to facilitate the collaboration between designers, engineers and project managers. It also took advantage of the revolutionary single design visualization system which in effect replaced numerous proprietary in-house IT systems with standard software linking into the logistics systems. Today, the T5 is running beyond expected levels of efficiency in all areas of customer service, and it regarded as an exception achievement. Gilt Groupe Gilt Groupe is an e-commerce retailer based in the United States. Established in 2007, its business model centers in the provision of invitation-only access to highly coveted products and experiences at insider prices. It stages online flash sales that offer its members luxury merchandise, including apparel, accessories and lifestyle items, at a bargain price for a limited period of time. For example, it will inform its members of the launch of a sale beginning noon which typically lasts for 36 hours, with bargains on luxury merchandise at up to 60% off. The Gilt Groupe is the brainchild of Alexis Maybank, a former eBay founding member, and Alexandre Wilson, a merchandising executive at Louis Vuitton and Bulgari. Long time friends, it was not until 2007 that these entrepreneurs brought their complementary strengths, interest and areas of expertise to create something innovative together. With plenty of momentum going forward, the Gilt Groupes innovative business model has attracted a total of $48million to date, and its considering a public offering in 2012. 1.2 Leading and Embracing Innovation and Change As the world economy progresses forward, evolution in organizational design continues to take on new configurations. Organizations today are eager to jump on major opportunities and embrace innovation as changes unfold. We are seeing the proliferation of good ideas that could potential become successful innovations. However, more often than not, there exist strategic barriers and bottlenecks to obstruct the implementation process of valuable innovations. Thus, organizations are willing to invest to enlist the right people and ensure the optimal use of their knowledge and experience. In leading the case for innovation, there are several approaches to embracing creativity and innovation. Anchor Innovation in Strategy According to the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and McKingsey Co, their joint-surveys have indicated that innovation is in fact one of the top three strategic corporate priorities. Looking at some of the pioneer of visionary companies, they found a common trait whereby innovation is imbued in the organizations strategy, from top to bottom, and from the delivery to its execution. It maintains center stage in Board agenda, and is regularly discussed in meeting on equal footing with sales, finance, marketing and operations. Similarly, these forward thinking companies strive to shed visibility on innovation by their implementation of new technologies to achieve marked improvements in the facilitation, management and measurement process from idea generation to its final implementation. Build an innovation culture on participation Another novel approach would be to infuse innovation within the companys corporate culture that encourages participation. In this setting, individuals are most highly incentivized by the power to make autonomous decisions and respect knowledge and a willingness of cooperation towards a joint goal of future value creation. The organizational culture should foster a comfort in employees to freely articulate challenges and express their ideas, regardless of the feasibility. Leaders should encourage the participation and allocate time and resources on innovation through developing a system of recognition that fosters and rewards all kinds of constructive behavior that would enrich and shape the culture of innovation. Make innovation a well-managed process Despite innovation clearly being one of the top three strategic corporate priorities, few if not any would actually manage innovation as a process. Whats most important here is to set in motion initiatives to garner ideas from within the organization. This could be as simple as gathering one idea per employee, and handling these suggestions to explore areas of improvement within the business processes. This will enable an organization to advance the entire innovation process, from idea capture, enrichment and evaluation through to decision-making and implementation. Presentation on The Importance of Creative and Innovative Management Task2 2.1 Influence of Vision and Mission In any leadership position, people count on the leader to set the direction and provide a bearing for the future. In broad terms, this is usually expressed and articulated in the vision or mission statement to serve as a guiding post for the organization. It sets the stage for the strategic planning and objectives, and illustrates a vision that is desirable, challenging and believable. To address the creative and innovative management processes of an organization, I will extend research into a third organization, which is a small-medium size enterprise (SME), The Dance Studio. The Dance Studio The Dance Studio is a leading retailer in Singapore, offering a myriad of latest collection dance apparel and shoe wear. Established in 2009, The Dance Studio was founded by Sally Teo to fill in the gap in providing an affordable option for all dance enthusiasts. A passionate dancer for several years, she noticed a lack of quality in affordable Latin and Ballroom competition gowns in the marketplace. Her vision was to create a niche store that understand the needs of dancers and allow them to shine on the dance floor. Since its initial launch two years ago, the retailer has embraced innovation and expanded into providing dancing shoe-wear and customized costume outfits. It also took advantage of the internet and launched an e-commerce website to expand its geographical reach to its customers. The Dance Studio has come a way in establishing their presence and constantly reiterate its vision through its support in dance events in the community. Thus far, they has sponsored two major events: (i) The Lush event at the Zouk Club, in conjunction with Imperial College London UK Boudn Event, (ii) The National University of Singapore (NUS) Social and Ballroom Club Dinner and Dance event. The Dance Studio today follows a relatively lean organizational structure, where employees hold multiple responsibilities in their contribution to the firms success. 2.2 Analytical tools to identify potential innovative ideas Leaders should inspire employees to search for innovative ways of doing things. This refers to lateral thinking, which is defined as a set of techniques and approaches to look for radically new ways to approach the problems. In the case for the Dance Studio, we could identify that the use of lateral thinking in their focus of bringing their vision to fruition. They have achieved organic growth by the expansion into dance shoe-wear and customized professional dancing costumes market. In the application of analytical tools available on the Dance Studio, it can be illustrated in the four quadrant diagram SWOT analysis in the following: Strengths: Niche market Very focused approach Lean corporate structure Flexible organization culture; ease of implementing change and ideas High profit margin business Weakness: Lack of economies of scale Vulnerable to currency fluctuations; since goods are sourced from the United States and China Opportunities: New markets to explore and expand towards Expand its geographical reach by opening retail stores in other countries Development of their brand as a niche provider to the professional dancing scene Threats: Low barriers of entry; easy penetration into this markets by competitors Business model is easily imitated. Large retailer with economies of scale could easily gain market share. Additional section on PESTLE analysis is included in the appendix 2.3 Assessment of risk and benefits of creative and innovative management ideas Risk management techniques could be applied in this case in the provision of creative and innovative management ideas. According to the ISO, it is defined as the identification, assessment and prioritization of risk as followed by the application of resources to minimize, monitor and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events. In any organization, it is vital to have risk measurement in place to deal with the creative and innovative management ideas. An approach will be to impose a structured platform to guide the innovation process by including mandatory steps such as organization of ideas, researching of patents, exploration of new markets and competition and evaluating the overall risks to ensure the most lucrative ideas are undertaken. This will enable the organization to have enhanced risk management capabilities and safe measures in place designed to make innovation a process that is sustainable and repeatable. In this aspect of pursuing these ideas, it is important to analyze all risks in this process as the higher the degree of innovation will mean the higher level of uncertainty. The sub-factors of risks can be concluding in the table: Factor of risk Sub-factor of risk Technological risk This risk arises from the feasibility in technical terms, the rate of advancement of technology, uncertainty of middle test and production. This could refer to high difficult in RD, insufficient anticipation of key techniques, methodology, etc. This type of risk will be more evident in technological innovation. Market risk This risk arises from the uncertainty of the market size and the industry. This includes the general economy, customers demand, competitive advantage in products, and lifespan of new products. This component is usually broken down to three aspects: Market demand risk difficult to access the market size and capacity prior. Market competition risk new entrants usually face severe competition as similar products or providers could already exist in the market. Market risk of entering the market difficult to decide on the ideal time to introduce products, timing here plays a critical role. Organizing risk This risk arises from the organization activity of running the company. It includes all functions within the organization structure such as: Decision-making risk leaders making wrong decision should they lack foresight and long-term view. Capability risk lack of capability and expertise in the product development process would hinder the creative and innovative management ideas. Human resource risk the diathesis and availability of employees, the retention of good people. Financial risk the available of capital and the management of finance. Information management risk lack of sufficient information of market demand could lead to innovation failure. External environment risk This risk arises from the macro political, economic, social and technological environment that could potentially cause external environmental risk. It includes a very broad view and awareness of the external environment, from the stability of national political situation to the changes of the economic cycle and the social and cultural factors that was identified in the PESTLE analysis. The 4 major components here are: Political and legal environment risk, Economic environment risk Social and culture environmental risk Technological environment risk To conclude, the innovation process with its main risks should be analyzed in detail. It is crucial for an organization to pay attention to the possible relation among different risks and access the full extent of uncertainty. 2.4 Using Change models In order to support the implementation of creative and innovative management ideas, models of change management could be applied as it simplifies a process to allow the follow through implementation success of these ideas. These models were created to cope with the unpredictability of implementing change. In reality, there is no right or wrong. It is the way to go about implementing change that would differ depending on the model utilized. The IDEAL model, for example, is an organizational improvement model that serves as a roadmap for initiating, planning, and implementing improvement actions. IDEAL refers to: initiating, diagnosing, establishing, acting, and learning. The IDEAL model essentially provides a structure to allow organizations in the planning and implementation process. It allows firms to effectively integrate the creative and innovative management ideas with the organizations strategy to establish a successful improvement programme. It comprises of a five phases that has proven beneficial in many improvement efforts through establishing a foundation for long-term improvement strategy. The five phases of IDEAL: I Initiating Laying the groundwork for a successful improvement effort. D Diagnosing Determine current position and set a target for future position. E Establishing Planning the necessary steps to reach the target destination. A Acting Follow the schedule according to the plan. L Learning Learn from experience and improve on your ability to adopt new technologies in the future.

Home Decorating Plan :: Interior Decorating Marketing Strategies Essays

Home Decorating Plan 1.0 Executive Summary Interior Views is a retail home decorator fabrics and complementary home accessories and services concept that is now in its third year. This destination store offers the advantages of providing fabrics specifically designed for home decorator use in fabric widths of 54 inches and greater. Over 900 fabrics are available on the floor at any time with more than 3,000 sample fabrics for custom "cut" orders. Customers see, touch, feel, and take the fabric to their home as they work through their purchase decision. Market research indicates a specific and growing need in the area for the products and services Interior Views offers in the market it serves. The market strategy will be based on a cost effective approach to reach this clearly defined target market. The three-phase approach will utilize resources to create awareness of the store and encourage customers to benefit from the convenience and services it offers. Interior Views will focus on its selection, accessibility of product, design services, and competitive pricing. The marketing objective is to actively support continued growth and profitability through effective implementation of the strategy. 2.0 Situation Analysis Interior Views is a retail store heading into its third year of operation. The store has been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. The store offers the most extensive selection of in-stock decorator fabrics as well as a resource for special ordered fabrics. The basic market need is to offer a good selection of decorator fabrics at reasonable prices, for the "do-it-yourself" and the "buy-it-yourself" customers, through a personalized retail store that offers excellent service, design assistance, and inspiration for people to redecorate their homes. 2.1 Market Summary We possess good information about our market and know a great deal about the common attributes of our most prized and loyal customers. We will leverage this information to better understand who we serve, their specific needs, and how we can better communicate with them. Target Markets 2.1.1 Market Demographics The profile of the Interior Views customer consists of the following geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavior factors: Geographics  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our immediate geographic market is the Boise area, with a population of 168,300.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A 50-mile geographic area is in need of our products and services.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The total targeted area population is estimated at 568,800. Demographics  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Married.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have children, but not necessarily at home.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have attended college.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A combined annual income in excess of $50,000.

Law and Order in Civil Society

The laws that govern us in the UK are often used to describe the freedoms that we enjoy. There are no political prisoners (although follows of Julian Assange may disagree), freedom of speech is widely practiced and people can go about their business without fear of persecution. It has not always been this way in the UK, but a succession of investigations, inquiries and laws bought in since the 1980's had bought Britain to this place. Robert Leach describes Law Making as â€Å"ostensibly the most important function of parliament†. (Leach, 2006, P233). Lets start by looking at the law as a whole. The law is essentially to protect its citizens. Law's passed down by the central powers, investigated and enforced by the police and the Judiciary will determine the level of punishment if necessary. Laws don't just ensure that people can't commit murders, robbery or vandalism but will also cover how your employer may treat you and the obligations they have to support you as an employee. Laws will also affect how one companies do business with another and how you drive your car. Law affects us as an individual on a daily basis, not just when we have done something wrong. There are many different variations of law's. International law will affect how nations interact with each other. National law is the law of the land, and can vary widely between states. In the United Kingdom corporal and capital punishment has been removed, but corporal punishment can still be found in some states such as Iran and capital punishment can be found in more developed nations such as the USA and India. In the UK THE National legal system is broken into three; that of England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. National laws will fall into one of two categories again; public & private. (Martin, 2007, p1) Public law will involve the government or the state, and there are three main types of public law; Constitutional Law – covering electoral or democratic issues and disputes; Administrative Law – looking at how the state is allowed to operate; Criminal Law – the application, enforcement and punishment of the individuals who break clearly stated law. (ibid, p2) Private law sees no state involvement, as the disputes are ones of a private matter. This could be an individual who felt that the new television he or she bought was not up to the standard advertised (contract law), a brother and sister trying to settle their late father's will (family law) or a PLC's obligations to their shareholder (company law). There are many more forms of private law and many laws laid down to regulate the state in which we live. (ibid, p3) As we can see, the laws in this country cover many different areas and many different groups. The laws are there to protect the people. Without laws, there would be anarchy. In the early 19th Century an man called John Austin defined law as being a command issued from a superior (the State), to an inferior (the individual) and enforced by sanctions. Some would consider this an inaccurate description as the law (and the State) can be challenged in the 21st Century. (ibid, p9) The Police are the front line force of law enforcement. They are responsible for investigating crimes, gathering evidence and deciding whether to charge a suspect. They play a wide and important role in the overall application of the law. The Police hove powers over suspected criminals that can be used to assist the conviction of the guilty. However, the police have been criticised for abusing their powers, occasionally leading to serious miscarriages of justice as the well know cases of the Guildford 4 and the Birmingham 6 demonstrated, and it was incidents such as these that led to the introduction of PACE. (Elliott, 2010, p384). The Police and Criminal Evidence act 1984 (PACE) was introduced to modernise the power of policed in the UK as a result of an inquiry led by the Royal Commission on Common Procedure (RCCP). PACE provides the code of practice that police forces have to abide by. Failure to comply with PACE can lead to misconduct charges against a police officer. As PACE is a code of practice rather then an Act of Parliament it can be easily amended if necessary. (Malcolm, 2007, p154) The codes cover several areas; Code A deals stop and search powers, Code B gives powers to search premises and seize property, Code C deals with detention treatment and suspect questioning, Code D relates to identification procedures, Code E deals with tape-recording suspect interviews, Code F guides on visual recording with sound interviews, Code G on arrest powers and Code H terrorism suspects under the Terrorism Act (2000). (Martin, 2007, p149). PACE affects every police officer in the country, but police forces in the UK are traditionally run as local police forces. The theory behind having a more decentralised approach was to create links to the community being policed and reduce the risk of Police oppression. A more centralised approach was taken with the Police Magistrates' Courts Act (1994) which allowed the Home Secretary to set objectives for all UK police authorities. The power increased further with the Police Reform Act (2002) and the Home Secretary will now produce an annual National Policing Plan which will set strategic policing policies for Police Forces in England and Wales. (Elliott, 2010, p382) The Bichard inquiry into the murders of Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman in 2002 was heavily critical of the Humberside police (ibid, p382). Published in June 2004 the inquiry noted that the failings of the Humberside Police were ‘systemic and corporate' (Bichard, 2004, p7). Despite the effects of this report, the Chief Constable of Humberside Police refused to resign. The Home Secretary suspended the Police chief, who challenged the legality of this action. The matter went to court where the Home Secretary's right was upheld. Since the inquiry the Police and Justice Act (2006) has increased the powers of the Home Secretary over the Police. (Elliott, 2010, p382) It is not just the Home Secretary that has powers over the police, but ordinary citizens as well. Should they wish to make a complaint to a police authority then this must be recorded by that police authority. The police must ‘obtain and/or preserve evidence' which is relevant to the complaint. Minor complaints can be dealt with by an acknowledgement of the error and a formal apology. If the complaint is upheld for a serious matter then senior figures form the police force will investigate and take any appropriate disciplinary action. If the complaint relates to a senior officer, the matter will be investigated by a separate police force. (Martin, 2007, p165) The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) exists to supervise the complaints procedure against police officers and staff and will set out and enforce the standards which must be followed. The IPCC also has powers to investigate any serious issues they may discover or that are bought to it's attention (Martin, 2007, p166). This was the case with John Charles De Menezes when his family made a formal complaint in 2005 (IPCC website – accesses 29/12/2010). The IPCC is designed to protect the people form those whose role is to protect the people. Acts such as PACE exist to give clear guidelines as to what a police officer can and can't do, yet there is an inevitable clash with Civil Rights issues In order investigate criminal suspects and criminal activity effectively the Police will need to have powers to stop and search individuals, to enter a person's house and make arrests if they suspect an individual is guilty of a crime. The power to interview and interrogate suspects and hold them in detention if necessary is a vital part of the investigative process. These are indisputable facts, and the power the police have over the individual is great. So what of civil rights? Anyone who is suspected of a crime should be safe in the knowledge that they will not be tortured, beaten or have a false confessions taken from them. (Davies, 2007, p153). In light of events in recent years police may need to prove that a suspect has not been chosen as a suspect because of their race or ethnicity. The BBC documentary â€Å"the Secret Policeman† first aired in October 2003. Film-maker Mark Daley went undercover in a police training camp to find out if the police was an institutionally racist organisation. Despite the reporter finding that this was not the case, there were several instances of clearly racist and bigoted behaviour which was described by the chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality as â€Å"truly shocking†. (BBC Website – accessed 29/12/10) Following the documentary ten police officers involved resigned and twelve more were disciplined and three police trainers were removed following a Police Complaints Authority (PCA) investigation, in agreement with the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC). The Campaign for Racial Equality launched a formal inquiry and made 125 recommendations for change. (BBC Website – accessed 29/12/10) A topical issue of recent times concerns the policing of demonstrations. On 01 April 2009 Ian Tomlinson was assaulted at the G20 demonstrations in London. Although not a participant of the demonstrations, the Mr Tomlinson was in the area at the time of the protest. Later that day he seemingly died of a heart attack. A short while later, The Guardian released footage showing Mr Tomlinson being violently pushed to the ground by a policeman shortly before he died. A second autopsy alleged that Mr Tomlinson had died of internal injuries. (Elliott, 2010, p416). Allegations of Mr Tomlinson being beaten by police prior to the footage of him being forced to the ground by an officer continue, and a full inquiry will begin on 28th March 2011 (www.iantomlinsonfamilycampaign.org.uk – accessed 05/01/11). The debate between police powers and civil rights will continue over the next few years from 2011. The outcome of miscarriages of justice such as the Guildford 4 and the Birmingham 6 led to the introduction of PACE. The Secret Policeman documentary sprung from the MacPherson report into the murder of Stephen Lawrence which called the police â€Å"institutionally racist†. The death of Ian Tomlinson, as well as the recent clashes between police and demonstrators over university tuition fee's in November and December 2010 and the Police's use of the ‘Kettling' technique, has called into question the policing of demonstrations. With more demonstrations planned for 2011 as well as the results inquiry into the death of Ian Tomlinson, police power and accountability will debated again. The simple truth is that police officers need the rational-legal authority to investigate and prevent criminal action. Without it they could not effectively enforce the law. None the less, civil liberties that many people have fought and died must be protected. Malcolm Davies is right when he says that â€Å"legislation on police powers must balance conflicting needs of crime prevention and due process† (Davies, 2007, p153).